perm filename NEA.DOC[NSF,MUS] blob sn#099969 filedate 1974-04-29 generic text, type T, neo UTF8

␈↓␈↓ ∧u␈↓
DRAFT PROPOSAL

␈↓␈↓∧submitted to:␈↓
␈↓        The National Endowment for the Arts and
␈↓        The National Science Foundation
␈↓␈↓∧for:␈↓
␈↓        Joint support for computer research and composition
␈↓␈↓∧from:␈↓
␈↓        ␈↓	The Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics␈↓
␈↓        Department of Music
␈↓        Stanford University
␈↓        Professor Albert Cohen, Chairman
␈↓        April 25, 1974


␈↓␈↓	INTRODUCTION


␈↓A␈αmajor␈αAmerican␈αcontribution␈αto␈αpresent␈α
and␈αfuture␈αmusic␈αexists␈αin␈αthe␈α
application␈αof
␈↓a␈α⊗rapidly␈α⊗developing␈α∃computer␈α⊗technology␈α⊗to␈α∃the␈α⊗art␈α⊗and␈α∃science␈α⊗of␈α⊗music.␈α∃The
␈↓extraordinary␈α⊂results␈α⊂already␈α⊂obtained␈α⊂have␈α⊂occurred␈α⊂in␈α⊂those␈α⊂few␈α⊂instances␈α∂where
␈↓scientists␈α⊃and␈α⊃musicians␈α⊃have␈α⊃been␈α⊃given␈α⊃the␈α⊃opportunity␈α⊃to␈α⊃bring␈α⊃their␈α⊃respective
␈↓skills␈α∞to␈α∞bear␈α∞on␈α∞problems␈α∂of␈α∞common␈α∞interest␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞rich␈α∂interdisciplinary␈α∞environment.
␈↓It␈α∂is␈α∂an␈α∞example␈α∂of␈α∂cooperation,␈α∂but␈α∞more,␈α∂an␈α∂expression␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∂freedom␈α∂of␈α∞intellect
␈↓and␈α
invention,␈α
where␈α
creative␈αminds␈α
from␈α
diverse␈α
disciplines␈αhave␈α
joined␈α
in␈α
a␈αcommon
␈↓goal␈α
to␈α
produce␈α
fundamental␈α
knowledge␈α
which␈α
must␈α
be␈α
the␈α
source␈α
for␈α
new␈α
music,␈αand
␈↓to␈α⊗produce␈α⊗works␈α↔of␈α⊗art␈α⊗which␈α⊗reflect␈α↔the␈α⊗scientific-technological␈α⊗riches␈α↔of␈α⊗the
␈↓present.␈α
 With␈α
the␈α
approach␈α
of␈α
the␈α
Bicentennial␈α
and␈α
its␈α
commemoration␈α
of␈α
the␈α
past,␈αit
␈↓seems␈α⊂appropriate␈α⊃that␈α⊂the␈α⊃nation's␈α⊂resources␈α⊂should␈α⊃also␈α⊂be␈α⊃used␈α⊂to␈α⊃give␈α⊂vitality,
␈↓permanence,␈α∞and␈α∞visibility␈α∞to␈α∂this␈α∞uniquely␈α∞American␈α∞interaction␈α∞between␈α∂science␈α∞and
␈↓art.


␈↓␈↓	PROPOSAL␈↓

␈↓In␈α→order␈α→to␈α~develop␈α→efficient␈α→techniques␈α→and␈α~programs␈α→for␈α→the␈α~simulation␈α→and
␈↓generation␈α~of␈α≠complex␈α~auditory␈α~signals␈α≠through␈α~the␈α~uncovering␈α≠of␈α~fundamental
␈↓knowledge␈α∞in␈α∞psychoacoustics␈α∞and␈α∞in␈α∂order␈α∞to␈α∞apply␈α∞these␈α∞techniques␈α∂and␈α∞knowledge
␈↓to␈α∩the␈α∩composition␈α∩and␈α∩performance␈α∪of␈α∩music,␈α∩we␈α∩are␈α∩submitting␈α∩this␈α∪proposal␈α∩for
␈↓joint␈α∂support␈α⊂to␈α∂the␈α∂National␈α⊂Science␈α∂Foundation␈α∂and␈α⊂to␈α∂the␈α∂National␈α⊂Endowment␈α∂for
␈↓the␈αArts.

␈↓We␈αare␈α
requesting␈αsupport␈αfrom␈α
NSF␈αover␈α
24␈αmonths␈αfor␈α
research␈αwhich␈α
is␈αdescribed
␈↓in␈α∞the␈α∞separate␈α∞proposal,␈α∞and␈α∞from␈α∞NEA,␈α∞support␈α∞for␈α∞permanent␈α∞equipment␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α
one-
␈↓time␈α∪cost␈α∀which␈α∪will␈α∀provide␈α∪long␈α∀term␈α∪service␈α∀for␈α∪composition,␈α∀performance,␈α∪and
␈↓research.

␈↓α        Requested from NSF              $395,405.00     for 24 months
␈↓α        Requested from NEA              $223,235.00     one-time cost


␈↓A␈α∃detailed␈α∃description␈α∃of␈α∃the␈α∃permanent␈α∃equipment␈α∃is␈α∃provided␈α∃in␈α∃the␈α∃Proposed
␈↓Facility␈αand␈αBudget␈αsections␈αof␈αthe␈αNSF␈αproposal.


␈↓␈↓	DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED FACILITY␈↓


␈↓The␈α⊃proposed␈α⊂equipment␈α⊃constitutes␈α⊂a␈α⊃small␈α⊂but␈α⊃powerful␈α⊂computer␈α⊃facility␈α⊃for␈α⊂the
␈↓purpose␈αof␈αreal-time␈α
digital␈αsynthesis␈αand␈αsignal␈α
processing.␈α In␈αaddition,␈αthe␈α
system␈αis
␈↓designed␈α∞to␈α∞accommodate␈α
the␈α∞UNIX␈α∞time-sharing␈α
system␈α∞developed␈α∞at␈α∞Bell␈α
Telephone
␈↓Laboratories,␈α⊂which␈α⊂will␈α⊂support␈α⊂a␈α⊂number␈α⊂of␈α⊂researchers␈α⊂and␈α⊂composers␈α⊂in␈α∂general
␈↓computing␈αactivities.␈αThe␈α
facility␈αwill␈αexist␈α
as␈αa␈αsatellite␈α
system␈αto␈αthe␈α
large␈αcomputer
␈↓at␈α∞the␈α
Stanford␈α∞Artificial␈α
Intelligence␈α∞Laboratory,␈α
an␈α∞environment␈α
which␈α∞has␈α∞proven␈α
to
␈↓be␈α∂a␈α⊂rich␈α∂resource␈α⊂in␈α∂its␈α⊂high␈α∂level␈α⊂of␈α∂technical␈α⊂competence␈α∂and␈α⊂its␈α∂interdisciplinary
␈↓population␈αof␈αusers.


␈↓␈↓	SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FACILITY␈↓

␈↓␈↓∧As a Research tool:␈↓

␈↓Research␈αover␈αthe␈αpast␈α15␈αyears,␈αbegun␈αat␈αBell␈αTelephone␈αLaboratories␈αand␈αextended
␈↓to␈α∂a␈α∂few␈α∂universities,␈α⊂has␈α∂shown␈α∂the␈α∂computer␈α⊂to␈α∂be␈α∂an␈α∂extremely␈α⊂powerful␈α∂device
␈↓for␈α∪musical␈α∪and␈α∪acoustical␈α∪research.␈α∪Based␈α∪on␈α∪this␈α∪past␈α∪experience,␈α∪the␈α∪proposed
␈↓facility␈α∀will␈α∪maintain␈α∀those␈α∪attributes␈α∀of␈α∪generality,␈α∀flexibility,␈α∪and␈α∀precision␈α∪which
␈↓have␈α⊂been␈α⊃of␈α⊂utmost␈α⊂importance␈α⊃in␈α⊂the␈α⊃research␈α⊂performed␈α⊂to␈α⊃date.␈α⊂In␈α⊃addition,␈α⊂its
␈↓real-time,␈α∩interactive␈α∪capability␈α∩will␈α∩allow␈α∪a␈α∩kind␈α∩of␈α∪research␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α∪perception␈α∩of
␈↓complex␈αsignals␈αthat␈αis␈αnot␈αcurrently␈αpossible.

␈↓␈↓∧As a Musical Instrument:␈↓

␈↓The␈α∂facility␈α∂must␈α∂also␈α∂be␈α∂seen␈α⊂as␈α∂the␈α∂most␈α∂flexible␈α∂of␈α∂musical␈α∂instruments.␈α⊂ As␈α∂with
␈↓any␈α
other␈α
instrument,␈α
it␈α
must␈α
be␈α
studied␈α∞in␈α
order␈α
to␈α
be␈α
useful,␈α
but␈α
once␈α
learned,␈α∞it␈α
is
␈↓an␈α
instrument␈α∞of␈α
enormous␈α
potential;␈α∞it␈α
can␈α∞generate␈α
any␈α
sound␈α∞that␈α
can␈α∞be␈α
produced
␈↓by␈α
loudspeakers,␈α
modify␈α
and␈α
transform␈α
real␈αsounds␈α
entered␈α
into␈α
the␈α
system␈α
by␈αmeans
␈↓of␈α⊗microphone,␈α⊗remember␈α⊗and␈α↔modify␈α⊗articulated␈α⊗musical␈α⊗input,␈α⊗and␈α↔simulate␈α⊗the
␈↓location␈α∞and␈α∞movement␈α∞of␈α∞sounds␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞variety␈α∞of␈α∞illusory␈α∞reverberant␈α∞spaces.␈α∞Equally
␈↓important,␈αthe␈αfacility␈α
will␈αbe␈αcapable␈α
of␈αserving␈αa␈α
number␈αof␈αcomposers,␈α
providing␈αfor
␈↓each␈αa␈αdirect␈αcontrol␈αover␈αhis␈αmedium␈αwhich␈αwas␈αnever␈αbefore␈αpossible.

␈↓␈↓∧As a Prototype for Future Systems:␈↓

␈↓The␈α_next␈α_few␈α_years␈α_will␈α_bring␈α↔yet␈α_newer␈α_advances␈α_in␈α_the␈α_miniaturization␈α↔and
␈↓increased␈α∂speed␈α∂of␈α∂circuitry.␈α∂To␈α⊂the␈α∂extent␈α∂that␈α∂we␈α∂are␈α∂prepared␈α⊂through␈α∂sufficient
␈↓knowledge␈α∞and␈α
adequate␈α∞techniques,␈α∞small␈α
computer␈α∞systems␈α
will␈α∞be␈α∞as␈α
commonplace
␈↓as␈α`synthesizers'␈αare␈αin␈αthe␈αpresent.


␈↓The␈α
research␈α
and␈α
development␈α
of␈α
programs␈α∞and␈α
techniques␈α
which␈α
will␈α
be␈α
done␈α∞at␈α
the
␈↓center,␈α⊃will␈α⊃serve␈α⊃as␈α⊃a␈α⊃prototype␈α∩and␈α⊃a␈α⊃point␈α⊃of␈α⊃departure␈α⊃for␈α⊃systems␈α∩which␈α⊃are
␈↓developed␈α∪elsewhere.␈α∀In␈α∪addition,␈α∀the␈α∪teaching␈α∪of␈α∀composers␈α∪and␈α∀dissemination␈α∪of
␈↓information␈α_will␈α_contribute␈α_to␈α_the␈α_useful␈α_application␈α_and␈α_utilization␈α_of␈α_the␈α_new
␈↓technology.


␈↓␈↓	PROGRAMS␈↓


␈↓␈↓∧Summer workshops␈↓

␈↓As␈α
an␈α
addition␈α
to␈α
the␈α
normal␈αteaching␈α
and␈α
research␈α
function␈α
during␈α
the␈α
academic␈αyear,
␈↓the␈α∀Center␈α∀will␈α∀hold␈α∀special␈α∪summer␈α∀workshops␈α∀for␈α∀musicians␈α∀and␈α∀scientists␈α∪from
␈↓outside␈α⊗the␈α∃university.␈α⊗Three␈α∃such␈α⊗workshops␈α∃have␈α⊗been␈α∃held␈α⊗since␈α⊗1969,␈α∃with
␈↓students␈α∞attending␈α∞from␈α∞this␈α∞country␈α∞and␈α∞abroad.␈α∞In␈α∞a␈α∞six-week␈α∞session,␈α∞the␈α∞students
␈↓are␈α~able␈α~to␈α~learn␈α~basic␈α→computer␈α~programming,␈α~fundamentals␈α~of␈α~acoustics␈α→and
␈↓psychoacoustics,␈αand␈αproduce␈αa␈αcomposition.

␈↓␈↓∧Composers in Residence␈↓

␈↓A␈α∞program␈α∂will␈α∞be␈α∂developed␈α∞where␈α∂major␈α∞composers␈α∂are␈α∞invited␈α∂to␈α∞work␈α∂as␈α∞guests
␈↓of␈α⊗the␈α⊗Center␈α⊗for␈α⊗an␈α∃extended␈α⊗period␈α⊗of␈α⊗time.␈α⊗This␈α∃would␈α⊗not␈α⊗only␈α⊗aid␈α⊗in␈α∃the
␈↓dissemination␈α∞and␈α∂utilization␈α∞of␈α∂research␈α∞results,␈α∂but␈α∞would␈α∂contribute␈α∞to␈α∂the␈α∞general
␈↓level␈α→of␈α→artistic␈α→activity␈α→in␈α→the␈α→San␈α→Francisco␈α→area.␈α→Gy␈↓
p␈↓rgi␈α→Ligeti␈α→has␈α_already
␈↓expressed␈α∃interest␈α∃in␈α∃such␈α∃a␈α∃program␈α∃at␈α∃Stanford.␈α∃For␈α∃American␈α∃composers,␈α∀the
␈↓program␈αcould␈αbe␈αcoordinated␈αwith␈αthe␈αsupport␈αof␈αthe␈αNEA.

␈↓␈↓∧Publications and Performances␈↓

␈↓A␈α∀normal␈α∀function␈α∀of␈α∃the␈α∀Center,␈α∀indeed␈α∀an␈α∃obligation,␈α∀will␈α∀be␈α∀the␈α∃publication␈α∀of
␈↓results␈α⊃on␈α⊃a␈α⊃lay␈α⊃level␈α⊃as␈α⊃well␈α⊃as␈α⊃technical.␈α⊃Publications␈α⊃and␈α⊃tapes␈α∩for␈α⊃performance
␈↓could␈α∞then␈α∂be␈α∞made␈α∞available␈α∂to␈α∞large␈α∞numbers␈α∂of␈α∞communities␈α∞throughout␈α∂the␈α∞nation
␈↓through␈αthe␈αExecutive␈αDirectors␈αof␈αthe␈αState␈αArts␈αCouncils.

␈↓␈↓∧Site Visits and Symposia␈↓

␈↓It␈α∃is␈α∃a␈α∃normal␈α⊗circumstance␈α∃to␈α∃have␈α∃a␈α∃large␈α⊗number␈α∃of␈α∃visitors␈α∃at␈α⊗the␈α∃Stanford
␈↓Artificial␈α∂Intelligence␈α∂Laboratory.␈α∂Over␈α∂the␈α∂past␈α∂years␈α∂we␈α∂have␈α∂given␈α∞demonstrations
␈↓to␈α∞groups␈α∞ranging␈α∞from␈α∂school␈α∞children␈α∞to␈α∞professionals␈α∂in␈α∞the␈α∞field.␈α∞With␈α∂a␈α∞relatively
␈↓independent␈α→satellite␈α→system␈α→as␈α→proposed,␈α→we␈α→could␈α→significantly␈α~expand␈α→visits
␈↓without␈αcausing␈αinconvenience␈αto␈αthe␈αmain␈αlaboratory.

␈↓San␈α∀Francisco␈α∃is␈α∀a␈α∀major␈α∃national␈α∀conference␈α∀center␈α∃for␈α∀associations␈α∀in␈α∃both␈α∀the
␈↓sciences␈α∀and␈α∃humanities.␈α∀Special␈α∃symposia␈α∀could␈α∃be␈α∀coordinated␈α∃with␈α∀conferences
␈↓which␈αhave␈αinterest␈αin␈αtechnological␈αapplications,␈αmusic,␈αor␈αboth.


␈↓␈↓	BICENTENNIAL PROGRAM␈↓


␈↓As␈α⊃a␈α⊂part␈α⊃of␈α⊂the␈α⊃nation's␈α⊃Bicentennial,␈α⊂we␈α⊃propose␈α⊂that␈α⊃the␈α⊂Center␈α⊃at␈α⊃Stanford,␈α⊂an
␈↓example␈α∀of␈α∀computer␈α∪based␈α∀interdisciplinary␈α∀research␈α∪and␈α∀composition,␈α∀organize␈α∪a
␈↓series␈α
of␈α
concerts␈α
of␈α∞computer␈α
music,␈α
lecture-demonstrations,␈α
laboratory␈α
visits,␈α∞and␈α
a
␈↓symposium␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂Spring␈α∂and␈α∂Summer␈α∂of␈α∂1976.␈α∂In␈α∂this␈α∂way,␈α∂the␈α∂public␈α∂can␈α∂share␈α∞the
␈↓excitement␈α⊂of␈α⊂applying␈α⊂its␈α⊂advanced␈α∂technology␈α⊂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂discovery␈α⊂of␈α⊂new␈α∂knowledge
␈↓regarding␈α≤sound␈α≠and␈α≤perception␈α≤and␈α≠to␈α≤new␈α≤means␈α≠for␈α≤the␈α≤composition␈α≠and
␈↓performance␈αof␈αmusic.


␈↓␈↓	BACKGROUND␈↓


␈↓Stanford␈α∀was␈α∀the␈α∀first␈α∀to␈α∀develop␈α∀a␈α∀self-contained,␈α∀interactive␈α∀system␈α∀for␈α∀direct
␈↓digital␈α∀synthesis.␈α∀Over␈α∪a␈α∀period␈α∀of␈α∪nine␈α∀years,␈α∀we␈α∪have␈α∀developed␈α∀programs␈α∪and
␈↓techniques␈α→for␈α~the␈α→composition␈α~of␈α→music,␈α~the␈α→editing␈α~and␈α→publication␈α~of␈α→music
␈↓manuscripts,␈α∀the␈α∀simulation␈α∪of␈α∀moving␈α∀sound␈α∀sources␈α∪using␈α∀four␈α∀channels,␈α∀and␈α∪the
␈↓analysis␈α∞and␈α∂synthesis␈α∞of␈α∂complex␈α∞auditory␈α∂signals,␈α∞some␈α∂of␈α∞which␈α∂are␈α∞both␈α∂simple␈α∞in
␈↓implementation␈αand␈αnovel␈αin␈αconception.

␈↓We␈α↔have␈α↔provided␈α↔in␈α↔recent␈α↔years␈α↔a␈α↔growing␈α↔number␈α↔of␈α↔universities␈α↔with␈α↔our
␈↓programs␈α∞and␈α∞special␈α∞knowledge,␈α∂including␈α∞Columbia,␈α∞Princeton,␈α∞Michigan,␈α∂Caltech,␈α∞and
␈↓Dartmouth.␈α∞At␈α∞two␈α∞universities,␈α∞Colgate␈α
and␈α∞Carnegie-Mellon,␈α∞we␈α∞provided␈α∞our␈α
entire
␈↓set␈α∩of␈α⊃synthesis␈α∩and␈α∩composition␈α⊃programs.␈α∩It␈α∩should␈α⊃be␈α∩pointed␈α∩out␈α⊃that␈α∩this␈α∩is␈α⊃a
␈↓natural␈α∀extension␈α∃of␈α∀an␈α∃original␈α∀service␈α∃extended␈α∀to␈α∃Stanford␈α∀by␈α∃Bell␈α∀Telephone
␈↓Laboratories␈αwhen␈αwe␈αwere␈αfirst␈αbeginning␈αour␈αwork.